Make Learning Stick with the Science of Learning

The Science of Learning and Active Learning

September 23, 2025

Author: CELT

By Dr. Krista Klocke

How Learning Works

Learning happens when neurons connect. But we’re exposed to a lot of information every day, so our brains naturally shed what they think we won’t need. Whether or not we keep information depends on how much we use it! When we use information, connections get stronger. Strong links get stronger and weak links get pruned during consolidation, which occurs during times of rest.

Passive learning (such as reading, listening, and watching) forms weak links. Without strengthening these links, they will break. The least effective ways to strengthen learning are unfortunately the most popular study habits: rereading and highlighting. Instead, active learning builds strong links through retrieval practice.

Practicing retrieving information from our brain builds strong links. Passive learning is necessary to take in new information, but after reading a chapter or listening to a lecture, retrieval practice (with feedback) is the best way to make that information stick.

Dr. Krista Klocke
Instructor Development Coordinator
klklocke@iastate.edu

Summary

Effective teaching aligns with how the brain naturally learns—by forming and strengthening neural connections through active engagement, retrieval, and rest. You can ground your teaching in the science of learning if you keep in mind these principles:

Passive learning is necessary, but it only forms weak neural connections.
Neural connections are reinforced when we USE information.
Retrieval practice is necessary for long-term retention, so give retrieval practice opportunities in class and encourage students to use it when they study.
Breaks and rest are necessary for consolidation, so build breaks into your classes and schedule, and encourage students to get enough sleep.

Resources

Learn Like a Pro: Science-Based Tools to Become Better and Anything by Barbara Oakley and Olave Schewe. This short, engaging, student-faced book gives practical tips for applying learning science to all aspects of learning.
Uncommon Sense Teaching: Practical Insights in Brain Science to Help Students Learn by Barbara Oakley, Beth Rogoswky, and Terrence J. Sejnowski. This faculty-facing book explains the concepts of learning science in an engaging, understandable way.
Make it Stick by Peter C. Brown, Henry L. Roediger III, and Mark A. McDaniel. This foundational book on learning science includes both principles and practical strategies.

CELT has collected 226 active learning techniques in a helpful document.

Explore how Bloom’s Taxonomy can guide the design of your learning activities.

Last Updated on September 23, 2025 by CELT